Determining the enthalpy change for different chemical reactions Essay Example

Determining the enthalpy change for different chemical reactions Essay I familiarised myself with the Material Safety Data Sheets of toxic substances.PLANNING (A)Enthalpy (H)1 The sum of the internal energy of the system plus the product of the pressure of the gas in the system and its volume:Esys is the amount of internal energy, while P and V are respectively pressure and volume of the system.However, to make it simpler, this definition can be shortened. Enthalpy (H) is a measure of heat in the system.To measure the enthalpy we have to first figure out the mass of a substance under a constant pressure and determine the internal energy of the system.The enthalpy change (H)2 is the amount of heat released or absorbed when a chemical reaction occurs at constant pressure.Standard conditions3 are used in order to allow experiments that are taken at different locations to come out with the same results. Standard pressure is 1 atmosphere or 1.0135 x 105 pascals. Standard temperature is 25o C. Standard state is the physical state at which an element or a com pound exists at standard conditions.Hypothesis: If the temperature of a given substance is known, we may calculate the enthalpy of this substance.Experiment I Part IPLANNING (B)Requirements:- 1 beaker [250 cm3]- 2 test tubes- thermometer- 60 cm -3 of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid- solid anhydrous sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) [3.75 g]- balanceProcedure:We were provided with 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, solid sodium hydrogencarbonate and solid anhydrous sodium carbonate.1. One person in each pair measured 30 cm3 of approximately of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid into the beaker.2. We took the temperature of the acid and recorded it in table 1.3. We weighted a test tube empty and than again when it contained 2.80 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate.4. We recorded the masses in a table similar to table 1.5. Subsequently we added the weighted portion of Na2CO3 to the acid and stirred the mixture carefully with the thermometer until all the solid has reacted.6. While mixing we recorded the maximum temperature of the solution.DATA COLLECTION2HCl (aq) + Na2CO3 (s)à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2NaCl (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)Mass of tube + sodium carbonate28.17 gMass of empty test tube25.37 gMass of sodium carbonate used (m)2.80 gTemperature of acid initially21.8 oCTemperature of solution after mixing22.0 oCTemperature change during reaction (?T)0.2 oCTable 1.DATA PROCESSING PRESENTATIONCalculating the enthalpy change:?H = ms?Tm = 2.80 g Na2CO3 + 30.00 g HCl = 32.80 gs = 4.2 J g -1 K -1?T = 0.2 oC = 0.2 K?H = 32.80 g * 4.2 J g -1 K -1 * 0.2 K = 27.55 JCalculating the enthalpy change for 1 mole of Na2CO3:M = 106 um2 = 106 gm1 = 2.80 g106 g 1 mole2.80 g x molesx = 2.80g / 106g * 1 mole= 0.03 mole0.03 mole 27.55 J1 mole x Jx = 27.55J / 0.03mole * 1 mole = 918.33 J?H = 918.33 J = 0.92 kJExperiment I Part IIPLANNING (B)Requirements:- 1 beaker [250 cm3]- 2 test tubes- thermometer- 60 cm -3 of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid- solid sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO3) [3.75 g]- balanceProcedure:We were p rovided with 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, solid sodium hydrogencarbonate and solid anhydrous sodium carbonate.1. One person in each pair measured 30 cm3 of approximately of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid into the beaker.2. We took the temperature of the acid and recorded it in table 2.3. We weighted a test tube empty and than again when it contained 3.70 g of sodium hydrogencarbonate.4. We recorded the masses in a table similar to table 2.5. Subsequently we added the weighted portion of NaHCO3 to the acid and stirred the mixture carefully with the thermometer until all the solid has reacted.6. While mixing we recorded the maximum temperature of the solution.DATA COLLECTIONHCl (aq) + NaHCO3 (s)à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)Mass of tube + sodium hydrogencarbonate29.08 gMass of empty test tube25.38 gMass of sodium hydrogencarbonate used (m)3.70 gTemperature of acid initially21.5 oCTemperature of solution after mixing14.0 oCTemperature change during reaction (?T)7.5 oCTable 2 .DATA PROCESSING PRESENTATIONCalculating the enthalpy change:?H = ms?Tm = 3.70 g NaHCO3 + 30.00 g HCl = 33.70 gs = 4.2 J g -1 K -1?T = 7.5 oC = 7.5 K?H = 33.70 g * 4.2 J g -1 K -1 * 7.5 K = 1061.55 JCalculating the enthalpy change for 1 mole of NaHCO3:M = 84 um2 = 84 gm1 = 3.70 g84 g 1 mole3.70 g x molesx = 3.70g / 84g * 1 mole= 0.04 mole0.04 mole 1061.55 J1 mole x Jx = 1061.55J / 0.04mole * 1 mole = 26538.75 J?H = 26538.75 J = 26.54 kJThermal decomposition of sodium hydrogencarbonate to sodium carbonate:2NaHCO3 (s) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Na2CO3 (s) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)This may be also shown in the form of an enthalpy cycle:2HCl (aq) + 2NaHCO3 (s) 2NaCl (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)Na2CO3 (s) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g) + 2HCl (aq)The enthalpy change for the decomposition of sodium hydrogencarbonate may be obtained by determining the enthalpy change of reaction between sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid and that between sodium hydrogencarbonate and hydrochloric acid.?H = H(products) H(reactants)? H = 0.92 kJ 26.54 kJ = 25.62 kJExperiment II Part IPLANNING (B)Requirements:- 1 beaker [250 cm3]- 2 test tubes- thermometer- 60 cm -3 of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid- solid calcium oxide (CaO) [3 g]- balanceProcedure:We were provided with 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, solid calcium carbonate and solid calcium oxide.1. One person in each pair measured 30 cm3 of approximately of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid into the beaker.2. We took the temperature of the acid and recorded it in table 3.3. We weighted a test tube empty and than again when it contained 3.00 g of solid calcium oxide.4. We recorded the masses in a table similar to table 3.5. Subsequently we added the weighted portion of CaO to the acid and stirred the mixture carefully with the thermometer until the solid has reacted.6. While mixing we recorded the maximum temperature of the solution.DATA COLLECTION2HCl (aq) + CaO (s) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l)Mass of tube + calcium oxide27.92 gMass of empty test tube24.92 gMas s of calcium oxide used (m)3.00 gTemperature of acid initially20.0 oCTemperature of solution after mixing36.0 oCTemperature change during reaction (?T)16.0 oCTable 3.DATA PROCESSING PRESENTATIONCalculating the enthalpy change:?H = ms?Tm = 3.00 g CaO + 30.00 g HCl = 33.00 gs = 4.2 J g -1 K -1?T = 16.0 oC = 16.0 K?H = 33.00 g * 4.2 J g -1 K -1 * 16.0 K = 2217.60 JCalculating the enthalpy change for 1 mole of CaO:M = 56 um2 = 56 gm1 = 3.00 g56 g 1 mole3.00 g x molesx = 3.00g / 56g * 1 mole= 0.05 mole0.05 mole 2217.60 J1 mole x Jx = 2217.60J / 0.05mole * 1 mole =44352 J?H = 44352 J = 44.35 kJExperiment II Part IIPLANNING (B)Requirements:- 1 beaker [250 cm3]- 2 test tubes- thermometer- 60 cm -3 of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid- solid calcium carbonate (CaCO3) [3.75 g]- balanceProcedure:We were provided with 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, solid calcium carbonate and solid calcium oxide.1. One person in each pair measured 30 cm3 of approximately of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid into the beaker.2. We took the temperature of the acid and recorded it in table 4.3. We weighted a test tube empty and than again when it contained 3.00 g of solid calcium carbonate.4. We recorded the masses in a table similar to table 4.5. Subsequently we added the weighted portion of CaCO3 to the acid and stirred the mixture carefully with the thermometer until the solid has reacted.6. While mixing we recorded the maximum temperature of the solution.DATA COLLECTION2HCl (aq) + CaCO3 (s) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)Mass of tube + calcium carbonate27.92 gMass of empty test tube24.92 gMass of calcium carbonate used (m)3.00 gTemperature of acid initially20.0 oCTemperature of solution after mixing22.0 oCTemperature change during reaction (?T)2.0 oCTable 4.DATA PROCESSING PRESENTATIONCalculating the enthalpy change:?H = ms?Tm = 3.00 g CaCO3 + 30.00 g HCl = 33.00 gs = 4.2 J g -1 K -1?T = 2.0 oC = 2.0 K?H = 33.00 g * 4.2 J g -1 K -1 * 2.0 K = 277.20 JCalculating the enthalpy change for 1 mole of CaCO3:M = 100 um2 = 100 gm1 = 3.00 g100 g 1 mole3.00 g x molesx = 3.00g / 100g * 1 mole= 0.03 mole0.03 mole 277.20 J1 mole x Jx = 277.20J / 0.03mole * 1 mole = 9240 J?H = 9240 J = 9.24 kJThermal decomposition of calcium carbonate to calcium oxide:CaCO3 (s) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ CaO (s) + CO2 (g)This may be also shown in the form of an enthalpy cycle:2HCl (aq) + CaCO3 (s) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)CaO (s) + CO2 (g) + 2HCl (aq)The enthalpy change for the decomposition of calcium carbonate may be obtained by determining the enthalpy change of reaction between calcium oxide and hydrochloric acid and that between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid.?H = H(products) H(reactants)?H = 44.35 kJ 9.24 kJ = 35.11 kJCONCLUSION EVALUATIONDetermining the enthalpy change for a chemical reaction allows us to decide whether a given reaction is exothermic or endothermic.If the enthalpy has a negative sign, like in the Experiment I, then the reaction is exothermic. Heat energy is ev olved, so the beaker becomes hotter4.If the sign of enthalpy is positive, then similarly the reaction is endothermic, like in the Experiment II. Heat energy is absorbed and the beaker becomes colder5.The physical properties of reactions (different temperatures of beakers) can be easily distinguished in the real life, even without using any instruments.To evaluate this lab I would suggest using the calorimeter to make the records more reliable than by using thermometer. Room temperature might have had an influence on our results and this was probable the most important source of uncertainty. Masses of substances were measured accurately, although some minute amounts might have been lost while pouring. The pressure remained the same, however little changes may have appeared. We also should pay attention to the amount of gas (CO2) that might have escaped during the experiment. It ought to have been gathered and stored to make the results reliable.

Hackers Not Slackers essays

Hackers Not Slackers essays Since the introduction of personal computers in the 1970's, the art of computer hacking has grown along with changing roles of computers in society. Computers have taken over our lives. People could not function without them; our electricity is run by computers, the government could not function without computers, and there are many others. Hackers are people who illegally gain access to, and sometimes tamper with, information in a computer system. Due to recent media coverage and corporate interest, hackers activities are now looked down on by society as criminal. Despite the growing trend of hacking, very little research has been done on the hacking world and its culture. The image of a computer hacker has grown from a harmless nerd into a vicious techno-criminal. In reality most hackers are not out to destroy the world. The hackers in today's society are not bored teenagers. In "Hackers intensify fears of industrial espionage," Mark Gembicki reports "the typical hacker used to be 14 to 16 years of age, white male, somewhat of an introvert . . . However, this is no longer the case. . . Our hacker profile . . . [is that] the hackers are around 30-33, white male again, professional" (Drumheller). Many of the hacker's today are probably the grown-up fourteen to sixteen years old from the past. Except now they make enough money to purchase expensive computer equipment. They are well educated and have an interest in technology. The majority of the hackers of today are thirty years old and well educated, they are not all out to destroy computer systems and break into national security. Hackers have always been considered different and have never been accepted in society. Many hackers will not admit they are a part of this underground community for fear of how they will be judged. In U.S. News ...

Auto Industry in the United Kingdom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Portfolio 2500 words Gymnastics-outdoor activities-Dance Essay

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Compare Jesus in islam and Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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An Analysis Of The Company Virgin Marketing Essay

An Analysis Of The Company Virgin Marketing Essay Virgin Atlantic, the UKs second largest long haul airline, operates a fleet of 38 aircraft to 30 destinations in Africa, Asia, Middle East, Indian Ocean, North America, the Caribbean and Australia. In a deal which was finalized in 2000, Branson sold 49% stake of Virgin Atlantic to Singapore Airlines for  £600.25 million to form a unique global partnership. Richard Branson is still the controlling authority as he retains 51% stake in the airline. This essay analyses the chief internal and external factors that contribute to the success of the organisation as well as provide a critical assessment on the effectiveness of the strategies employed. It further discusses a couple of strategic options that are available to the Virgin group for the next five years with reference to appropriate academic models and concepts.   (Source: http://www.virgin-atlantic.com/tridion/images/studentinformationkitmarch2009_tcm4-622791.pdf)   Internal Analysis Of Virgin Atlantic In order to understand the strategies, it is important to analyse the internal environment of the organisation. Internal analysis is done by means of the value chain of the Virgin Atlantic. Value Chain Analysis Porters (1990) Value chain framework is an interdependent model that helps to analyse specific activities through which an organisation can create value and gain competitive advantage. (Pathania-Jain, 2001). To conduct the value chain analysis, the company is split into primary activities (those that are related with production) and support activities (those that provide the background necessary for effectiveness and efficiency of the firm like human resources management) (Porter, 1985). These activates are discussed below: Primary activities 1. Inbound and Outbound logistics: In Inbound logistics, the key activities are those associated receiving the raw materials from suppliers and managing them within the firm. These activities includes Stock Control (storing and managing fuel, snacks, food and drinks.), passenger service system, facilities planning etc (Fig. 1.1). It provides ample of facilities to its customers, it gives choice of three entrees with main meal, free drinks, an amenity kit for outbound journey, complimentary newspaper of passengers choice. The facilities keeps on increasing if you move from economy to upper class. The upper-class passenger gets limo service to travel to airport where check in formalities are already completed before they check in hotel style lobby area and through a dedicated security area exclusively for virgin airline customers. The upper-class UK passengers gets a complimentary airport transfer in chauffeur driven Volvo or Virgin Limo Bike which makes there outbound logistics quiet impressing to customers. (Source: http://www.virgin-atlantic.com/tridion/images/studentinformationkitmarch2009_tcm4-622791.pdf; http://www.virginatlantic.com/en/gb/allaboutus/ourstory/forstudents.jsp#operation) Operations: Virgin Atlantic is the second largest long haul airline in the UK and the third largest European carrier over the North Atlantic. It operates to many of the top destinations around the world including destinations in the Caribbean, US, India, Far east and Africa. It has won many awards almost in most categories that travel industry offers. 3. Marketing and Sales: Virgin Atlantic uses a wide range of marketing techniques. Advertising activity includes magazines, TV, taxi sides press, outdoor posters and direct mail. Also promotional schemes plays vital role during traditionally low seasons. To encourage loyalty, Virgin Atlantic offers flying club membership where in members gets free miles that can be exchanged for free flights and other rewards. In addition, Virgin Atlantic also advertises through travel agents and runs wide range of promotional schemes, offers trade incentive, organises trips and social/educational events. The website (www.virgin.com/atlantic) also plays vital role as it offers full electronic booking, give information on destination, informs mileage balance to members and different promotional schemes. (Source: http://www.virginatlantic.com/en/gb/allaboutus/ourstory/forstudents.jsp#operation) 3.Service: Virgin Atlantic has won numerous awards for its service and claims to set up new standards of service by pioneering range of innovations. For example, with respect to comfort during journey, its upper-class suite has longest and most comfortable flat bed and seat in airline industry for which alone it won twelve awards. For travelling from airport, virgin Atlantic offers limousine service and Bike service to its customers. Support activities: Firm Infrastructure: It includes planning and control systems, such as corporate strategy, accounting and finance. (Lynch, 2003). Virgin Atlantic expends heavily on technological solutions and infrastructure. The Finance department analyse the expenses due and financial condition of the group and accordingly plans the expenses necessary for growth of organisation. 2. Human Resource Management: Virgin Atlantic recruit people by means of newspaper advertisements and through its website. Existing staff can also recommend and earn incentive through the same. Virgin Atlantic gives world-class training to its employees and develops their employees from time to time by organising educational events. Also they recruit and train people with sign language skill to facilitate to disable passengers 3.Technology Development: Virgin Atlantic not only considers technological developments as vital for growth but also spends a lot on it. It has award winning in-flight entertainment system, travel seats and beds designed to give extra comfort. Also it is continuously working on innovative aircraft design and technological solution to reduce carbon emission 4. Procurement: Virgin Atlantic has an efficient procurement department, which obtains quality goods and services at lowest price so that the passengers can avail these world-class facilities at competitive prices. The department takes benefit of large operations of and thus achieve economies of scale. The department also interacts with a number of organisations that provide handling services at airports, Including baggage handling, refuelling, maintenance, cleaner services and security. These services are offered by a number of companies and can help in reducing costs. (Source: http://www.virgin-atlantic.com/tridion/images/studentinformationkitmarch2009_tcm4-622791.pdf; http://www.virginatlantic.com/en/gb/allaboutus/ourstory/forstudents.jsp#operation) External analysis of Virgin Atlantic To have a grasp of the existing market as well as consumer and stakeholder perception, an awareness of external factors is essential. This section will highlight the position that Virgin Atlantic holds with respect to competitors, social perception, etc. PESTEL Analysis An organisations business environment is invariably governed by external factors which can be broadly analysed as Political, Economical, Social and Technological factors. To gain an advantage in the present and future market the organisation needs to reduce inefficiency and retain cost effectiveness (Grant, 2005). As Virgin Atlantic operates within Europe, North America, Africa, Asia and Oceania, these factors differ to a certain degree and the manner in which competitors, political bodies and social groups react and respond to the brand has to be anticipated with some care. Political and Legal factors As Virgin Atlantic operates across the globe, it has to adapt its practices to suite national and international laws as well as domestic aviation rules and regulations. The manner in which competitors react to new market shares may also involve political influences. When the United Kingdom opened Heathrow Airport to Virgin, thereby abolishing the London Air Traffic Distribution Rules, angered the chairman of British Airways and lead to BAA donations to the Conservative Party being halted. Virgin also incurred the wrath of Lord King when two unused slots held by BAA at Tokyo Narita International Airport were awarded to the airlines (BAA, 2009). Economic factors It must be stated that the brief financial crisis of the early 1990s forced the then Conservative British government to open Heathrow to Virgin despite opposition from BAA. This shows how external economic conditions can sometimes be favourable to a rising organisation in grabbing a hitherto inaccessible monopolised market. One of the main economic factors that affect the airline industry in general is the fuel hike. Conrady (2009) notes that the low cost fuel prices provided to the UK airline industry has greatly assisted in it escaping the fate of many of its European counterparts. Social factors The social perception and acceptance of a brand is of vital importance to any organisation and Virgin Atlantic has managed to do that in a relatively short period. Virgin Atlantic has been vying for the position to instil in the British public the brand image of a national and international organisation. When British Airways announced in 1997 that it will remove the Union Flag from its tailfins in favour of more international images, Virgin was quick to introduce the Union flag prominently in its winglets and noses with the tagline Britains Flag Carrier thereby challenging BAs traditional role as UKs Flag Carrier. The training of its staff is also a major issue and is vital in gaining stakeholders and achieving stakeholder targets (Nadal, 2009). The service staff need to have proper training to meet the high standards of service which is expected of it by the consumers as a hallmark of the airline industry. Technological factors As an industry that heavily relies on technology, the technological factor is the most essential factor in improving efficiency in the longer term. Virgin has managed to introduce more than 700 next generation aeroplanes, which provides a marking contrast to most of its competitors. According to Briggs and Burke (2009) this also minimises maintenance and training costs in the long run. Virgins initiative to focus on providing online service will also have a marked benefit as more and more consumers are being introduced into the World Wide Web on a daily basis. Consumers are thereby allowed to get up-to-date information regarding flight schedules and compare airline prices. Environmental factors Environmental concerns have also been a frequent issue as the airline industry is notorious as a major polluter. Many campaigns have tried to befriend or at least calm the environmental lobbies but more effort must be put into projecting the image of an organisation that is doing its bit for the environment. Virgin has focused on informing consumers about the CO2 pollution before each flight. The duty free bags are now composed of a significant proportion of recyclable material in compliance with the Ministry of Agriculture (Wheeler and Elkington, 2001). Critical assessment of the virgin Atlantics strategies The above-defined analysis conforms the strategy of Virgin Atlantic as being excellent service provider, it makes its path by providing distinct service. The corporate strategy of the organisation is to provide world-class service at a competitive price. The companys strategy is well supported by statement of Porter (1996), which says that executing the same activities in a different way than that of traditional competitors helps in achieving better position in sustainable manner. The company enters oligopoly market where customer usually receives poor deal and there is a scope of acquiring market by giving better services. To raise awareness of their products and services and new routes, Virgin Atlantic advertises through TV, press, magazines etc. Another strategy that organisation use is to make customers loyal by making them member of there flying club . The flying club offers numerous world-class facilities which will not only help in satisfying the customer but also gaining customer loyalty. The more customers travel through them, the more miles they get which can be exchanged with free flight and other rewards. They also get special support service and clubhouse access. Also during traditional low seasons, tactical promotions and price advertising are done to a large extent to maximize the aircraft capacity. In addition to all these, Virgin Atlantic also market through travel agents by offering them familiarisation trips, trade incentives. (Source: https://www.virgin-atlantic.com/en/gb/frequentflyer/index.jsp; http://www.virginatlantic.com/en/gb/allaboutus/ourstory/forstudents.jsp) Effectiveness of strategies chosen SWOT Analysis According to Johnson (2005) SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) is a useful tool to examine financial accounts and developing healthy work environment of a company. It is a major step towards any strategic planning in a business. It is considered to be very important source of information for judging and understanding any sort of situations in the organisation. Given below is the SWOT analysis for Virgin Atlantic. Strengths Virgin Atlantic is headquartered in country where competition is enhanced and tolerated due to deregulation The virgin Atlantic has the head office in the country where the contest is heightened and tolerated due to the deregulation, which means the business is managed without the aid of following government restriction. The important feature of the Virgin Atlantic is the collaboration with Singapore airlines that made them one of the best airlines in the world. This has proven to be advantageous for virgin in many ways like huge market access, restructuring, converging technology to develop new one, gaining knowledge and extending supply etc. The strength of the Virgin group perhaps, is its importance to best customer service and innovation combined with brand name gives a big advantage to Virgin Atlantic. Virgin believes in creativity, adding its importance to customer service and innovation with the brand name virgin proves out to be the biggest strength of Virgin Atlantic. Its has introduced many firsts in the business like first to launch entertainment systems, onboard bars which increased social activities in-flight, providing complimentary limousines services, beauty treatments in-flight. It further introduced business economy cabin. It also has a website that dedicated to what a customer can expect from the airline and all other conclusive details of interest. Virgin has a powerful e-business structure that makes communications simpler and easier with the customers. They continually measure the performance delivered by each crewmember on flights. An additional feather to their cap is the exceptional service tin providing assistance to disabled/visually-impaired passengers. It not only helped in earning good reputation but also winning EASE award consecutive four years. (Source:http://www.virgin-Atlantic.com/en/gb/whatsonboard/index.jsp;http://www.virgin-atlantic.com/en/gb/allaboutus/ourstory/history.jsp) Weaknesses The major drawback Virgin Atlantic faces is limited market reach as unlike other major international airlines. It operates in limited countries only like UK, Caribbean, South Africa, India, Australia, and US The companies reach in code sharing is limited hence it is not able to enjoy the benefits of code sharing which the members of leading Global alliance are able to do such as lack of transferable priority status, lack of seamless travel, lack of enhanced frequent-flier program benefits, limited extended lounge access and lack of greater network access. This is because Virgin Atlantic is not part of any leading global alliances. (Source: http://www.virginatlantic.com/en/gb/allaboutus/ourstory/forstudents.jsp)   Opportunities Virgin Atlantic is one of the few airline companies operating successfully in African countries, gradual liberalisation in UK/south African market leading to 53% rise in flights and 62% increase in passengers. The business has increased incredibly. There are few more cities, which can be considered for hospitality service based on the smooth record of the airline. Some of the very well known and large airlines have experienced bankruptcy in recent times providing them a great opportunity. Also the European Union is on their side providing to a be great support. Going forward, Virgin still have a great scope to grow in African market as only the British and African airways in dominating the continent and virgin comes at third position. It should focus on increasing the market share in Africa. Another opportunity available with Virgin Atlantic is attracting customers by aggressively promoting the clubhouse facilities and introduction of its latest Heathrow clubhouse. The number of tourist coming to UK is increasing day by day which is an opportunities available to them but in competitive environment, its quiet tough but strategic and aggressive marketing can make it possible.      Threats The current situation all over the world has lead to increase in competition so there is high possibility of threat due to competitiveness in the market which in turn creates pressure to maintain continuous profit. This would in turn lead to forceful alliances, mergers and acquisitions which might not be in the interest of the company. Other issue of concern is accommodation of passengers on the aircraft. Other threat may be the legislations i.e. changing policies and rules by government in the country where Virgin Atlantic operates. This may slowdown the operations and business of the company. Another major threat is emergence of new airlines, which can increase competition. Also if new airlines or existing competitors adopt Virgin Atlantics concept and structure, it will be a major threat to the company Strategic options for Virgin media: Ansoff Matrix: The Ansoff matrix (Ansoff, 1957) invented by Igor Ansoff who is also known as father of Strategic Management and was first published in Harvard business review in 1957. It presents the product and market choices available to an organization. In this markets may be defined as customers and products as items sold to customers (Lynch, 2003). Main aspects of Ansoff Analysis The Ansoff matrix provides the basis for an organizations objective setting process and sets the foundation of directional policy for its future (Bennett, 1994). The four strategies entailed in the matrix are elaborated below. Ansoff Product-Market Growth Matrix: (Ansoff, 1957) Market Penetration: It occurs when an organisation accesses a market with its recent services products. The market penetration strategy begins with the existing customers of the organization. This strategy is often use by companies in order to increase sales without wandering from the original strategy of product-market. (Ansoff, 1957). Product Development: Firm develops new products catering to the same market. This strategy refers to the significant new development of products not just minor changes to the existing products (Lynch, 2003). Market development In this particular strategy, a company moves beyond its existing customer base in search of new customers for its existing products and services. This strategy involves searching of new segment of a market, searching of new area to attract new customers, different/new use of products and services. (Lynch, 2003). Another good strategy that comes under market development is selling existing products in new international markets. (for example British firms can consider of selling there products in complete European markets). Diversification Levitt (1983) rightly whispered that world these days is becoming common market and people no matter where they live are demanding similar product and lifestyle. There has been a massive raise in international trade because of globalisation and liberalization. Diversification strategy essentially involves movement of current products and services in new markets (Lynch, 2003; Macmillan et al, 2000). All four strategic options defined above in the Ansoffs model bears risk element with them. Although Market penetration is often considered as a low risk strategy but diversification is considered as a high-risk growth strategy as it involves huge investment that increases due to simultaneously movement into new products and new markets. When applied to Virgin Atlantic, this model results in to two vital strategic options available. Product development strategy and the Market development strategy, to become the most successful organization Virgin Atlantic should follow both of them. The product development strategy suggested through Ansoffs matrix can be a very good strategy for Virgin Atlantic because of the type of customer base, the company possess. The company has good customer base of upper class families and corporate tycoons. If the company introduce new products or sub products, they can market it to these existing customers. The company should focus on strengthening the relationship with existing clients often known as Relationship marketing. One of the ways to achieve it is being in contact with them, giving them special offers, and at times offering them concession. If they are given special facilities and excellent services then it will develop brand loyalty in them. Another option available with Virgin Atlantic is market development strategy which involves search of additional geographical regions and additional market segment. If we compare the flights/services offered by Virgin Atlantic with British airlines, there is a large gap. Although Virgin Atlantic is UKs second largest airline but it operates flights to only 26 major destinations whereas against BA has flights to more than 150 odd destinations. Virgin Atlantic should increase the number of destinations, which can be done after carefully analysing the facts and figures about the population, operations, flights of competitors etc. Also Virgin Atlantic group should focus on developing country (Asia Pacific Region) as the growth prospects ate higher than developed countries. China and India are two developing countries with highest population and expected compounded growth rate in this region in 2007-2012 will be 5.2%. The manufacturing cost is comparatively low in these countries making them attractive destination for business. Also it will be a sound decision to outsource operational work to these countries. Virgin Atlantic is famous for luxurious flights as it offers world-class facilities to their passengers but in this competitive environment they are not offering anything price conscious economy class passengers. They should introduce no frills flight with the objective of earning profits on economy of scales. With this strategy they will not only diversify their risk but can potentially capture a new segment using their brand name and service. Conclusion: To conclude, after analysing internal and external factors of the Virgin Atlantic, it has been observed that Virgin group has grown massively and became world-class brand following the path of virgin group but it is still in path as there is a massive scope of growth which can be realised by combination of two strategies. They are product development and market development and market development. If used appropriately, they can help Virgin Atlantic to

Henry Ford :: essays research papers

In 1915, in an effort to end World War I, he headed a privately sponsored peace expedition to Europe that failed dismally, but after the American entry into the war he was a leading producer of ambulances, airplanes, munitions, tanks, and submarine chasers. In 1918 he ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. Senate on the Democratic ticket. After weathering a severe financial crisis in 1921, he began producing high-priced motor cars along with other vehicles and founded branch firms in England and in other European countries. Strongly opposed to trade unionism, Ford–who incurred considerable antagonism because of his paternalistic attitude toward his employees and his statements on political and social questions–stubbornly resisted union organization in his factories by the United Automobile Workers until 1941. A staunch isolationist before World War II, Ford again converted his factories to the production of war material after 1941. In 1945 he retired. Other Accomplishments and Controversies His numerous philanthropies, in addition to the Ford Foundation, included $7.5 million for the Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit and $5 million for a museum in Dearborn, where in 1933 he established Greenfield Village–a reproduction of an early American village. Ford also wrote, in collaboration with Samuel Crowther, My Life and Work (1923), Today and Tomorrow (1926), Moving Forward (1931), and Edison as I Knew Him (1930). Ford's international reputation made him a natural target for journalists. His libel suit against the Chicago Tribune in 1919 led to an examination by the Tribune attorney, intended to show Ford's lack of education. Anti-Semitic articles in Ford's Dearborn Independent brought further legal controversy; he was forced to apologize for the articles. In the 1930s, Ford was widely attacked for employing Harry Bennett, a former boxer who established a squad of thugs to spy, beat up, and otherwise intimidate union organizers. Ford was also a poor manager who failed to capitalize on his company's early success. In the 1920s he failed to respond to consumer tastes by introducing new models and the company fell far behind General Motors. By the time of his retirement, the company's accounting procedures were so primitive that Ford's managers were unable to accurately tell how much it cost to manufacture a car and the company was losing $9.5 million a month. Later Generations His son, Edsel Bryant Ford, 1893—1943, b. Detroit, shared in the control of the vast Ford industrial interests. He was president of the Ford Motor Company from 1919 until his death, when his father once more became (1943) president of the company.

Gestalt Laws Essay

The Law of Figure-Ground This law is to subdivides the image into two parts, one that is clear to the eyes and another one, that is not so clear, sometimes our mind focus so much in one image that can see the other one. This image is a great example, where you can see batman and joker. The Law of Simplicity This law is about that a content of what you see must be simple, otherwise the person that is seeing the image, ads or a website get tired of looking the important information on it. Example of a good usage, advertisement from WWF The law of proximity This law says that the items that are the belong together must stay that way, to avoid misunderstanding and to become clear. For example you can see that is clear that the name of the woman on the front cover of the magazine it’s called Nicole Scherzinger The law of similarity This law is used a lot in the packaging of the products where the people associate color, shapes, forms or typography to a certain brand. A really strong example of that is coca-cola. The Law of Symmetry This law says that the symmetrical images are mo please to our eyes and we associate better parts of the images better if they are symmetrical. A example is this photo of a building that have symmetrical architecture. The Law of Similar Background This law helps grouping information by giving a different background. Such as this image that uses the background color blue to identify the sponsors. The Law of Closure The Law of Closure explains why elements are recognized even if they are incomplete or nonexistent. The Law of Gap-filling The Law of Gap-filling says that our brains fills the gaps in a image. Such as this dalmata that is not complete The law of continuity This law explains that every time that we see a continuous image or a arrow we tend to continue follow that direction. As this image that says to look to the left but our brains follow the arrow.

Portrait of Friederike Maria Beer essays

Portrait of Friederike Maria Beer essays In the portrait, I see many vivid colors, reds, yellows, greens, and blues mostly. The lines are very scattered. There are so many it is hard to follow, in places such as her dress, where there are heavy patterns. The texture is soft and blotchy, almost like a watercolor. The woman in the foreground is standing very still, and the people in the background are showing movement, as they are fighting. It is 2 dimensional. There are many shapes that are rounded, and soft. There are even flowers on the ground below the womans feet. It is like she is on a stage, with a small border around it. You see lots of circles. There are no obvious shadows, except some basic shading of the people to make them look dimensional. The lady in the center has on a wild outfit, which consists of several different colors, and shapes. Her puffy pants and heavy fur-trimmed coat contradict the green grass and spring flowers. Gustav Klimt painted this in 1916. This painting is oil on canvas, and approximately 168 x 130 cm. He is said to be living in Weissinbach at the time he painted this particular painting. Even though he moved around so much. It consists of a heavy woman in the foreground, and several fighting men in the background. The woman looks tired and unhappy. It seems that the men are of a different race than her. Maybe it symbolizes the war that was going on at that time. They are holding swords, shields, and have angry faces. I think that it serves the romantic perspective of art. It is very complicated, strange, mysterious, emotional, and rebellious. He uses repetition, which is the source of his splendid decorative effects. He was once described as a pornographer, because of the overly erotic content of many of his paintings. Klimt once said, I am more interested in other people, above all women. The artists intent was romanticism. His emphasis on ...

10 Exploratory Essay Topics on #8220;What#8217;s in a Name#8221;

10 Exploratory Essay Topics on #8220;What#8217;s in a Name#8221; Names are an important part of our identity. Most people like to think that they are just nouns that help us differentiate people. But have you ever wondered what’s in a name? What is its significance and why do we need one? In our first guide, 10 facts for an exploratory essay on what’s in a name? You’ll be entertained with solid facts on names, so you can write a perfect exploratory essay on it. In our second guide, we share 20 topics on â€Å"what’s in a name† for an exploratory essay to give you a head-start, so you can start writing immediately. We’ve also included a sample essay in this guide which would greatly help you in completing your assignment. Finally, in our third guide, how to write a deep exploratory essay on what’s in a name? we share useful tips and methods to enable you to write a perfect exploratory essay and gain the admiration of your professor. Our first and second guides include 14 references combined and you will have no problem finding sources on the facts and topics we’ve discussed. Without further ado, here are 10 facts on whats in a name: Many people feel that names have something to do with our facial appearance. However, when the enthusiasts conducted two experiments on different occasions, they found out otherwise. The experiment had involved American and British participants where American females showed potential and supported the hypothesis, while British participants didn’t. This showed that there was nothing that could prove the correlation between names with faces. Research has apparently found that people’s names really affect them throughout the course of their lives. Here’s how names can affect your life: Masculine names given to women bring success in the legal profession. Boys with feminine names tend to misbehave in schools. Women with attractive names are seen as physically attractive too. Our name can be a significant success factor when applying for a job or choosing to live in a particular town/state or country. While Democrats and Republicans have never seen eye to eye on political issues, it seems they also prefer to go with different names. When an app about names was under development, an interesting phenomenon was discovered – Democrats prefer different first names than their Republicans counterparts. According to a study that was published in the European Journal of Social Psychology, middle names can improve self-esteem of a person. If you’ve got a chance to see how doctors and lawyers sign forms, you’ll notice that they use their middle name as initials. A recent study shows that women with feminine names tend to lose their interest in mathematics as they feel â€Å"too feminine† to handle such complex and/or logical subjects. However, when a female has a masculine name such as Harley, the tide turns and such women have shown a keen interest in math and science. When German researchers sent out 47,000 emails to online dates without photos, guess what happened? They discovered that there were several names which received more profile visits than other names. Alexander and Charlotte were two names that appealed the most to these online daters, while Kevin and Mandy were among the least appealing. A recent study conducted in Germany found that people with unattractive names smoke more than those who have attractive names. This is because attractive names appeal more when you are out on the internet to find a date, and when you don’t have one, the chances of finding a decent date drastically go down. This leads to a sense of rejection and low self-esteem, which is a precursor to heavy smoking. It might seem stereotypical, but a recent study conducted on British families showed that parents tend to choose bigger names for boys and shorter ones for girls – not alphabetically, but how they sound. For example, most parents prefer to name their boy James or Joel, typically conveyed with vowels like ‘a’ and ‘o’, while girl’s names are preferred with ‘i’ and ‘e’ vowel sounds , as in Jill or Emma. Believe it or not, people tend to think that they have chosen a unique name that hasn’t been chosen before. A study at UC Davis shows otherwise. The study found that people choose names that are fashionable, and not because they have a correlation with religion or family legacies. In fact, people tend to follow trends that are started by â€Å"cultural† elites rather than obscure names that are either created by religion or family legacies. Besides, fashionable names are recurring in nature, hence no one can have unique names. Did you know? People seem to trust strangers who have an easy to pronounce name rather than someone who has a name like Czeslaw or Ratynska? A study was conducted by UC Irvine and concluded that people with easy names are more trusted than people with hard-to-pronounce names. Interesting facts, were they not? Now, let’s head over to 20 Topics on â€Å"What’s in a Name?† for an Exploratory Essay, so you can start writing without any delays. Don’t forget to read our last guide on how to write a deep exploratory essay on â€Å"What’s in a Name?†. Our final guide is perfect to familiarize you with the methodology behind writing an exploratory essay and how to format it properly, while making it interesting to read. We are certain that our guide will help you leave your professors in utter amazement. References: Robin S. S. Kramer, Alex L. Jones, (2015) Do People’s First Names Match Their Faces? Journal of Articles in Support of the Null Hypothesis Vol. 12, No. 1  jasnh.com/pdf/Vol12-No1-article1.pdf Kenneth M. Steele, Laura E. Smithwick, (1989) First Names and First Impressions: A Fragile Relationship, Sex Roles, Vol. 21, Nos. â…ž , Mars Hill College  http://www1.appstate.edu/~kms/documents/SteeleSmithwick1989.pdf Jochen E. Gebauer, Mark R. Leary, Wiebke Neberich; (2011) Unfortunate First Names Effects of Name-Based Relational Devaluation and Interpersonal Neglect, Sage Journals  http://spp.sagepub.com/content/3/5/590.short Mark, (2014) The Politics of Names, Verdant Labs  http://verdantlabs.com/blog/2014/11/13/political-names/ Jeanne Sager, (2014) The Baby Naming Rule You Cant Afford to Break, The Stir  http://thestir.cafemom.com/pregnancy/171947/the_best_name_to_give%20 Northwestern University, (2010) DAVID FIGLIO DISCUSSES HOW NAMES CAN AFFECT LEARNING, The School of Education and Social Policy  sesp.northwestern.edu/news-center/inquiry/2010-spring/faculty-news.html Pamela H. Mitchell, (2005) Whats In A Name? Volume 21, Issue 6, Pages 332–334  professionalnursing.org/article/S8755-7223(05)00148-1/fulltext?mobileUi=0

Organizational Communication Concepts and Skills Assignment

Organizational Communication Concepts and Skills - Assignment Example Therefore, if the organization tends to neglect socializing the employees, then in such cases the employees must themselves socialize. There are two distinct communication network taking place in organizational environment. They are formal as well as informal network. The formal network is making communication following the hierarchical structure of the organization. On the other hand, the informal network comprises communication following the grapevine (Cairo University, 2012). It is a well known fact that successful communication in an organization enhances the efficiency, minimizes the turnover of the employees and also helps in the development of the office atmosphere. The chief objective of this discussion is to propose a new communication structure for an organization. The five different concepts that the discussion shall evaluate are active listening, organizational culture, and conflict resolution, leadership strategies as well as formal and informal communication. Analysis o f the Concepts Important For Successful Communication within an Organization Active Listening It is a well known fact that effective listening is significant for improving communication. However, the managers are not always found to be listening since active listening is not considered to be a natural procedure. Mental as well as physical efforts are needed on part of the listener. Intra-organizational listening can be considered as an influential competitive tool (Helms & Haynes, 1992). In the context of the business world, listening is considered to be a significant element of effectual communication in an organization. While communicating with the members of the organization, listening will assist in avoiding any kind of confusions, comprehending the work lucidly and thus creating a positive connection with whom the communication is initiated. The communication experts have agreed to the fact that active listening as a major factor which comprises behaviors such as empathetic bod y language, posing useful questions, validating employee expression via considerate conversation turn-taking along with rephrasing for ensuring mutual understanding. Active listening generally comprises the focus of the consultants upon the clients with an indication that they are listening closely to the issue presented and the client’s interpretation of this aspect (The University of Maine, 2012). For a communication to be effective and successful, it is vital for the listeners to motivate themselves to listen. They are supposed to decide precisely why they are listening. Active listening offers numerous advantages to the organization. It leads to save in time by means of people’s defenses and gain significant information without repeating the same conversation always. It permits the organization to evaluate a situation accurately (Kuboto, Mishima, & Nagata, 2004). However, one of the facts regarding active listening is that it is not an easy skill to be attained. It might as well require alterations in one’s own basic attitudes. Active listening carries an element of personal risk. Creating an attitude of sincere interest in the speaker is not an easy task. It can hence be created by being willing to risk viewing the world from the speaker’s point of view (Rogers & Farson, 2010). Organizational Culture Organizational culture is considered to be a significant component in the context of organizational communication. Culture is generally comprehended as how people make sense of

EFFECTIVE THINKING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

EFFECTIVE THINKING - Essay Example E-learning, aided by technology, seeks to prepare learners and equip them with skills conversant with 21st century through continuous learning activities. Kong and his peers embarked on researching the issues and changes needed to achieve the goals of eLearning. With a similar goal, all three articles seek to unmask the opportunities and challenges of technology-assisted learning. The rapid change of technology creates both opportunities and challenges for education in school. Some of the opportunities are the increased access multimedia content and availability of online classes. At the same time, schools have to deal with the challenge of catching up with the digital innovations and changes taking play now and then. According to Kong et al., â€Å"technology plays a crucial role in supporting schools on realizing the desirable learning goals and learning process (71)†. But is this statement really valid? There is a universal perception that implementation of technology in schools improves learning, teaching, and student achievement. People, however, fail to recognize it comes with complexities and challenges. As stated by Beynon, â€Å"how computing technology is conceived may seem to have less practical relevance.† In order to evaluate the worth and benefit of technology, there is need to evaluate some variables embedded in it. The variables are such as access, student background, curriculum content, and teacher preparation. It is necessary to have a computing perspective that integrates human integration with systems in a holistic manner (Beynon 94). In rethinking computing technology, there is no doubt that the current state of technology is inadequate to engage important issues that affect human learning. Educators need to have a comprehensive strategy for a technology-rich future and create an intimate relationship to human cognition if it is to assist learners. It is, however, unfortunate that the current technology strategies are ill-equipped and cannot